Painful sex (dyspareunia) can be deeply distressing, affecting not only an individual’s confidence and sense of self but also their intimate relationships. It can leave people feeling isolated, anxious, or uncertain about how to move forward. It is important to know that you’re not alone, and that help is available.

 

Pain during sex can have a variety of causes, both physical and psychological. Physical factors may include illness, surgery, skin conditions, hormonal changes, or lack of lubrication. Psychological influences such as stress, anxiety, relationship tension, or experiences of trauma can also contribute to or worsen pain.

 

In some cases, painful sex is linked to a condition called vaginismus, which is an involuntary tightening of the pelvic floor muscles that can cause burning, stinging, or dull pain during attempted penetration. For some people, even the anticipation or thought of sex can trigger discomfort or muscle spasms.

 

The most effective treatment for vaginismus often involves a combined approach: addressing both the physical and emotional aspects. This may include working with a pelvic floor physiotherapist alongside counselling or sex therapy to gently explore underlying factors, reduce anxiety, and establish or restore comfort and confidence in sexual intimacy.

 

Therapy can help individuals and couples better understand the causes of pain, develop practical strategies to manage it and improve their sexual and emotional well-being.